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Longer titles found: Electrochemical potential (view), Excess chemical potential (view)

searching for Chemical potential 138 found (441 total)

Thermal energy (1,088 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

converted chemical potential energy has simply become internal energy". It is, however, convenient and more lucid to say that "the chemical potential energy

Diffusion equation (1,308 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \mathbf {\mu } ={\mu _{0}}-RT\ln(c)} where: µ: chemical potential µ°: chemical potential in the standard state R: universal gas constant T: absolute

Energy transformation (1,905 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

machines. For example, to heat a home, the furnace burns fuel, whose chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy, which is then transferred

Chemical field-effect transistor (920 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

analyte. This concentration gradient of charged analyte ions creates a chemical potential between the source and gate, which is in turn measured by the FET

Charge qubit (1,457 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

states can be achieved by tuning the gate voltage U that controls the chemical potential of the island. The charge qubit is typically read-out by electrostatically

Oberth effect (1,947 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the propellant has significant kinetic energy in addition to its chemical potential energy.: 204 At higher speed the vehicle is able to employ the greater

Robert Anthony Robinson (160 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Electrolyte solutions, the measurement and interpretation of conductance, chemical potential, and diffusion in solutions of simple electrolytes R A Robinson and

Fuel efficiency (2,747 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work.

Electrode (4,805 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

established a direct relation between the applied stress and the chemical potential of the electrode. Though it neglects multiple variables such as the

Smelting (4,158 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The oxygen in the ore binds to carbon at high temperatures as the chemical potential energy of the bonds in carbon dioxide (CO2) is lower than that of

Rollin film (495 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

restoring force is the van der Waals force. The film suffers a change in chemical potential when the thickness varies. These waves are known as third sound. The

Environmental Health Criteria (WHO) (353 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

prepared by the IPCS and published by the WHO. EHCs can also cover non-chemical (potential) hazards (see, e.g., EHC 35: Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields)

Sediment–water interface (1,610 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

sediment-water interface as a result of a number of gradients such as chemical potential gradients, pore water gradients, and oxygen gradients. The location

Superstripes (2,313 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

superconductivity near a 2.5 Lifshitz transition where the renormalization of chemical potential at the metal-to-superconductor transition is not negligeable and the

Madelung equations (874 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

efficiency of measurements. The thermodynamic definition of the quantum chemical potential μ=Q+V=1ρmH^ρm{\displaystyle \mu =Q+V={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\rho _{m}}}}{\widehat

Reversed electrodialysis (572 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

through a stack of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes. The chemical potential difference between salt and fresh water generates a voltage over each

Nabarro–Herring creep (1,610 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from regions of high chemical potential at grain boundaries subjected to normal tensile stresses to regions of lower chemical potential where the average

Pervaporation (888 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

driving force for transport of different components is provided by a chemical potential difference between the liquid feed/retentate and vapor permeate at

Coulomb gap (1,390 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

long-range Coulomb interactions, the single-particle DOS vanishes at the chemical potential, at low enough temperatures, such that thermal excitations do not

Photon energy (544 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

for the synthesis of a single glucose molecule from CO2 and water (chemical potential difference 5×10−18 J) with a maximal energy conversion efficiency

Liquid–liquid extraction (5,725 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

phase, generally from aqueous to organic. The transfer is driven by chemical potential, i.e. once the transfer is complete, the overall system of chemical

Magnon (1,115 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variety of scattering techniques. Magnons behave as a Bose gas with no chemical potential. Microwave pumping can be used to excite spin waves and create additional

Electron affinity (1,458 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

theoretical concepts that use electron affinity include electronic chemical potential and chemical hardness. Another example, a molecule or atom that has

Duhem–Margules equation (550 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{A}+{\frac {n_{B}}{n_{A}+n_{B}}}\mathrm {d} \mu _{B}=0} Or Now the chemical potential of any component in mixture is dependent upon temperature, pressure

Duhem–Margules equation (550 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{A}+{\frac {n_{B}}{n_{A}+n_{B}}}\mathrm {d} \mu _{B}=0} Or Now the chemical potential of any component in mixture is dependent upon temperature, pressure

Crista (1,034 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrochemical gradient creates potential energy (see potential energy § chemical potential energy) across the inner mitochondrial membrane known as the proton-motive

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1,093 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

photoelectrons with kinetic energy in the range from 10 to 150 eV above the chemical potential, called "shape resonances" in molecular spectra since they are due

Spinodal decomposition (6,219 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

consists of the ratio of the flux to the local gradient in chemical potential. The chemical potential is a variation of the free energy and when this is the

Scaled particle theory (478 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle T} is the temperature) one can find the expression for the chemical potential μ {\displaystyle \mu } and then use the Gibbs–Duhem equation to express

Langmuir adsorption model (4,972 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\frac {N_{S}!}{(N_{S}-N_{A})!}}.} μ A {\displaystyle \mu _{A}} is the chemical potential of an adsorbed molecule. As it has the form of binomial series, the

Standard enthalpy of reaction (2,545 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reaction. The chemical reaction will, in general, transform some chemical potential energy into thermal energy. If the joint system is kept isolated,

Fuel (3,495 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

fire". BBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2007. Elert, Glenn (2007). "Chemical Potential Energy". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 11 September 2007. Dr

Shape resonance (1,441 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

wide band and a second pairing channel in a second band where the chemical potential is tuned near a Lifshitz transition at the band edge or at the topological

Hybrid computer (845 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

within the nerve cell in an analog fashion by building an electro-chemical potential until its threshold is reached, whereupon it discharges and sends

Bianconi–Barabási model (3,121 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

f(\varepsilon )=e^{-\beta (\varepsilon -\mu )}} , μ plays the role of the chemical potential, satisfying the equation ∫ d ε p ( ε ) 1 e β ( ε − μ ) − 1 = 1 {\displaystyle

Quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping (3,112 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is produced even if the reservoirs have the same temperature and chemical potential. Stirring is the operation of inducing a circulating current with

Kiviter process (819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Svjatoslav (2006-11-07). Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale (PDF). International Oil Shale Conference. Amman, Jordan:

Nitriding (1,700 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

advantages of gas nitriding over other variants are: Precise control of chemical potential of nitrogen in the nitriding atmosphere by controlling gas flow rate

Eutectic system (3,479 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\partial G}{\partial T}}\right)_{P}\right)=-{\frac {H}{T^{2}}}.} The chemical potential μ i {\displaystyle \mu _{i}} is calculated if we assume that the activity

Membrane technology (3,951 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

general approach of the solution-diffusion model is to assume that the chemical potential of the feed and permeate fluids are in equilibrium with the adjacent

Premelting (3,127 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

n_{l}} and μ l {\displaystyle \mu _{l}} are the atomic density and the chemical potential in (l) and γ t o t a l = γ 1 − l + γ l − 2 {\displaystyle \gamma _{total}=\gamma

Crystal growth (2,115 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the tip) until the effect of interfacial free energy in raising the chemical potential slows the tip growth and maintains a constant value for the tip thickness

Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions (2,860 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\mu } -distortion after the chemical potential known from standard thermodynamics. The value for the chemical potential can be estimated by combining

Rocket propellant (3,879 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

chemical rockets, unburned fuel or oxidizer represents the loss of chemical potential energy, which reduces the specific energy. However, most rockets run

Orbital maneuver (2,123 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

propellant has more usable energy (due to its kinetic energy on top of its chemical potential energy) and it turns out that the vehicle is able to employ this kinetic

Capacitance (4,182 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

capacitance" of a few-electron device involves the thermodynamic chemical potential of an N-particle system given by μ ( N ) = U ( N ) − U ( N − 1 )

Machine (6,417 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to come from elsewhere. With batteries, it is the already existing chemical potential energy inside. In solar cells and thermoelectrics, the energy source

Vapor–liquid–solid method (2,409 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

metal droplet). More specifically, Δµ0 is the difference between the chemical potential of the depositing species (Si in the above example) in the vapor and

Self-ionization of water (2,133 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

chemical potentials of H+ and H3O+ is formally equal to twice the chemical potential of H2O at the same temperature and pressure. Because most acid–base

Acid (5,955 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

drives cellular respiration, the process by which animals release the chemical potential energy stored in food, producing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct

Diffusion-controlled reaction (1,186 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Stokes-Einstein equation, and the second term is the gradient of the chemical potential with respect to position. Note that [B] refers to the average concentration

Conservation of energy (6,045 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\mathrm {d} U=T\,dS-P\,dV+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,dN_{i}} because the chemical potential μ i {\displaystyle \mu _{i}} is the partial molar Gibbs free energy

Passivation (chemistry) (3,066 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

diffusion through the metal oxide to the parent metal, and the relative chemical potential of the oxide. Boundaries between micro grains, if the oxide layer

Liquid (7,395 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

without an accompanying increase in temperature, and is stored as chemical potential energy. When the gas condenses back into a liquid this excess heat-energy

Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (698 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrical energy from its own exothermic metabolism. It converts chemical potential energy directly into kinetic energy with greater energy density than

Weaving (8,425 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and its popularity in fashion. Researchers continued to explore the chemical potential of coal tar waste from the growing number of gas works in Britain

Giant magnetoresistance (5,642 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

CPP geometry, based on the Boltzmann equations. In this model the chemical potential inside the magnetic layer is split into two functions, corresponding

Surface tension (8,776 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

change. Thermodynamics requires that for systems held at constant chemical potential and temperature, all spontaneous changes of state are accompanied

Phonon (6,735 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

fluctuations. In the language of statistical mechanics this means that the chemical potential for adding a phonon is zero. This behavior is an extension of the

Osmotic power (3,159 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

evaporation to separate water from salt. Osmotic pressure is the "chemical potential of concentrated and dilute solutions of salt". When looking at relations

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (4,753 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

parameters such as the temperature at chemical freeze-out Tch and hadron chemical potential μ B {\displaystyle \mu _{B}} . The experimental value Tch varies a

Lithium-ion battery (21,404 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrochemical reaction. The reactions during discharge lower the chemical potential of the cell, so discharging transfers energy from the cell to wherever

Microbial metabolism (5,776 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

bacteria, NADH is formed by reverse electron flow due to the lower chemical potential of this reaction center. In all cases, however, a proton motive force

Force field (chemistry) (9,835 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

(PFF) – developed by Richard A. Friesner and coworkers. SP-basis Chemical Potential Equalization (CPE) – approach developed by R. Chelli and P. Procacci

Graphene (26,750 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

has been demonstrated theoretically. By efficiently controlling the chemical potential of graphene, the unidirectional working frequency can be continuously

Abiogenesis (19,766 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

irreversible thermodynamics treats self-assembly under a generalized chemical potential within the framework of dissipative systems. The second law of thermodynamics

Tonks–Girardeau gas (1,099 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

measurement of averaged quantities. Moreover, the temperatures and chemical potential between the different tubes are dispersed, which wash out many effects

Galoter process (2,464 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Svjatoslav (2006-11-07). Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale (PDF). Amman, Jordan: International Oil Shale Conference

Photoswitch (3,003 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

results in a conversion of light energy into free energy as a form of a chemical potential and has applications in storing solar energy. Merocyanine has been

Hydrogen thioperoxide (713 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

(1998). "The Internal Rotation of Hydrogen Thioperoxide: Energy, Chemical Potential, and Hardness Profiles". J. Phys. Chem. A. 102 (40): 7864–7871. Bibcode:1998JPCA

Amanda Barnard (797 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the shape of nanomaterials as a function of size, temperature or chemical potential, able to include experimentally realistic structures and chemical

Product inhibition (835 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

continue reacting making more product. Other reactor systems use chemical potential to separate products from the reactor, such as solubility of different

Rocket engine (11,741 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

energetic propellants to spontaneously explode. Assuming that the chemical potential energy of the propellants can be safely stored, the combustion process

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (6,193 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the binding energy (BE) of the electron measured relative to the chemical potential, Ephoton is the energy of the X-ray photons being used, Ekinetic is

Energetically modified cement (9,703 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

increasing the chemical reactivity of a material by increasing its chemical potential energy. In EMC Activation, transferred mechanical energy is stored

Diffusion creep (1,097 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the axis of greatest differential compression, creating a defect chemical potential gradient (depending upon lattice strain) within the crystal that leads

Thomas–Fermi model (2,491 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}{dr^{2}}}={\frac {\phi ^{3/2}}{\sqrt {r}}},\qquad \phi (0)=1.} For chemical potential μ = 0, this is a model of a neutral atom, with an infinite charge

Bilayer graphene (2,743 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

1126/science.1250270. PMID 24994644. S2CID 14223087. K Lee; et al. (2014). "Chemical potential and quantum Hall ferromagnetism in bilayer graphene". Science. 345

Zhigang Suo (491 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamic forces (e.g., stress, electric field, electron wind, chemical potential). He developed applications for microelectronics, large-area electronics

Polymer field theory (3,371 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}e^{\beta \mu n}Z(n,V,\beta ),} where μ{\displaystyle \mu } is the chemical potential and Z(n,V,β){\displaystyle Z(n,V,\beta )} is given by Eq. (6). Performing

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (2,053 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

groups. Electrostatic effects have an order of magnitude stronger chemical potential than neutral polar effects. This allows one to minimize the influence

B.B. Mundkur (264 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

fungicides to the spores of species of Phytophthora due to changes in chemical potential (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Ames: Iowa State University, Digital

Dynamical mean-field theory (2,707 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

function of correlations U {\displaystyle U} , bandwidth, filling (chemical potential μ {\displaystyle \mu } ), and temperature T {\displaystyle T} : the

Energy development (12,801 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. The

Freezing point depression osmometer (1,184 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Freezing point depression Freezing point Principle graph of chemical potential against temperature explaining freezing point depression and boiling point

Heavy fermion material (2,193 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

hybridization gap develops. In contrast to Kondo insulators, the chemical potential of heavy fermion compounds lies within the conduction band. These

Daniel Kastler (1,174 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Takesaki, Masamichi; Haag, Rudolf (1977). "Extension of KMS States and Chemical Potential". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 53 (2): 97–134. Bibcode:1977CMaPh

Glossary of engineering: A–L (31,771 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of higher concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of lower concentration (or low chemical potential). Dimensional analysis is the analysis

Pressure-driven flow (212 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of substance N or extensive quantities as entropy S, volume V and chemical potential μ. Extensive quantities scale with system size, whereas the intensive

Chance and Necessity (4,855 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

enzyme. Monod reminds us that this reaction comes at the expense of chemical potential energy. In chapter four ("Microscopic Cybernetics") the author starts

Charnockite, St. Thomas Mount (1,766 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the areas. The study also noted that "pressure, temperature and the chemical potential of water were constant for assemblages separated by large distances

Principle of minimum energy (2,145 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

N+mgx\,} where T is temperature, S is entropy, P is pressure, μ is the chemical potential, N is the number of particles in the gas, and the volume has been

List of equations in quantum mechanics (616 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

g(Ei) = degeneracy of energy Ei (no of states with same energy) μ = chemical potential Bose–Einstein distribution (bosons) P(Ei)=g(Ei)e(Ei−μ)/kT−1{\displaystyle

Shale oil extraction (8,712 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Svjatoslav (2006-11-07). Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale (PDF). International Oil Shale Conference. Tallinn University

Membrane reactor (1,749 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dense membranes the separation is governed by the difference of the chemical potential of the components in the membrane. The selectivity of the transport

Marine primary production (8,306 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

configuration so a proton is expelled from the cell (3) the chemical potential causes the proton to flow back to the cell (4) thus generating

Gibbs rotational ensemble (1,831 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

three variables: the temperature (T), chemical potential (μ), and volume (V) of the system. The chemical potential determines the average particle number

Kirkwood–Buff solution theory (1,633 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{1}}={\frac {kT}{1+c_{2}G_{22}}}} where μ 1 {\displaystyle \mu _{1}} is the chemical potential of component 1. The derivatives of chemical potentials with respect

Green's function (many-body theory) (4,114 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

single-particle dispersion relation measured with respect to the chemical potential. The spectral density therefore becomes ρ0(k,ω)=1Z2πδ(ξk−ω)∑α′⟨α′

Electrophoretic deposition (4,331 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

high concentration to low concentration, driven by a difference in chemical potential, will also influence the rate of deposition. This section will discuss

Leonite (3,006 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

at 25 °C. The equilibrium constant log K at 25 °C is −3.979. The chemical potential of leonite is μj°/RT = −1403.97. Thermodynamic properties include

Topological insulator (6,975 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"SFew-layer nanoplates of Bi 2Se 3 and Bi 2Te 3 with highly tunable chemical potential". Nano Letters. 10 (6): 2245–50. arXiv:1004.1767. Bibcode:2010NanoL

Patchy particles (1,314 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermal bath and reservoir of particles. Volume, temperature, and chemical potential are fixed. Because of these constants, a number of particles (n) changes

Organic solar cell (13,557 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

hole can be dissociated by providing an interface across which the chemical potential of electrons decreases. The material that absorbs the photon is the

Cumulant (9,028 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

can be a function of other variables such as the magnetic field or chemical potential μ {\displaystyle \mu } , e.g. Ω = − β − 1 log ⁡ ( ⟨ exp ⁡ ( − β E

Polyvinyl nitrate (1,330 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

activation energy of 53 kcal/mol are the primary cause of PVN's high chemical potential energy. The complete combustion reaction of PVN assuming full nitration

Lennard-Jones potential (11,437 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

instabilities in molecular simulations, e.g. for the sampling of the chemical potential. The Lennard-Jones potential converges to V → 0 {\displaystyle V\rightarrow

Debye–Hückel equation (5,534 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \Xi _{k}} may be derived from the functional dependence of the chemical potential of a component of an ideal mixture upon its mole fraction. D&H note

Multi-tip scanning tunneling microscopy (2,169 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the ohmic contribution. This component is identified as the spin-chemical potential arising from the 2D charge current through the spin momentum locked

Depletion force (4,789 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

[}\mu -V(R){\big ]}\rho (R),} where μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the chemical potential, T {\displaystyle T} is the temperature, and A [ ρ ] {\displaystyle

Marine prokaryotes (12,873 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

configuration so a proton is expelled from the cell (3) the chemical potential causes the proton to flow back to the cell (4) thus generating

Stellar dynamics (15,411 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

normalisation constant eμkT0{\displaystyle e^{\mu \over kT_{0}}} (assume the chemical potential μ∼(mσ12)ln⁡[n0(2πℏmσ1)3]≪0{\textstyle \mu \sim (m\sigma _{1}^{2})\ln

High-temperature oxidation (286 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and electronic conductivities of oxides and their dependence on the chemical potential of the metal or oxygen in the oxide. Perez, Nestor (2016), Perez,

Titanium in zircon geothermometry (2,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

earth elements (REE) such as yttrium, and lutetium. However, the chemical potential energies of these REE substitutions are not well understood, so they

Marine microorganisms (21,384 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

changes its configuration so a proton is expelled from the cell (3) the chemical potential causes the proton to flow back to the cell (4) thus generating energy

Van der Waals equation (12,445 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the van der Waals equation together with the Gibbs criterion, equal chemical potential of each phase, as a model of the phenomenon. This model has an analytic

Ms2 (software) (828 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

various classical ensembles such as NpT, NVE, NVT, NpH. To evaluate the chemical potential, Widom's test molecule method and thermodynamic integration are implemented

Theory of solar cells (4,674 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to zones of lower carrier concentration (following a gradient of chemical potential). These two "forces" may work one against the other at any given point

William Lash Miller (830 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Transactions of the Electrochemical Society, 21 (1912). 209–217 Toxicity and Chemical Potential, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 24 (1920), 562–569 The Method of Willard

Glossary of chemistry terms (18,187 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in chemical potential of the diffusing species and depends on the random walk of particles;

Lindhard theory (2,849 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

e^{2}}{\epsilon L^{2}}}{\frac {1}{q+\kappa }}}. It is known that the chemical potential of the 2-dimensional Fermi gas is given by μ(n,T)=1βln⁡(eℏ2βπn/m−1){\displaystyle

Hermann Schmalzried (616 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

doi:10.1016/0079-6786(65)90009-9. Schmalzried, H (1987). "Transport in Chemical Potential Gradients of Multicomponent Oxides". Annual Review of Materials Science

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (6,998 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

promotes a core-electron to an itinerant state far above the electronic chemical potential. Subsequently, the electron in this same state decays again, filling

Glossary of fuel cell terms (12,112 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. Fuel

Darken's equations (3,229 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

equations. To derive Darken's second equation the gradient in Gibb's chemical potential is analyzed. The gradient in potential energy, denoted by F2, is the

Self-healing hydrogels (3,568 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}}-pv}{k_{\text{B}}T}}} Where λh is the swelling ratio, μ is the chemical potential, p is pressure, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and χ and Nv are unitless

Aluminium-ion battery (3,551 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

composition. A battery can maximize its energy output levels by: Increasing chemical potential difference between the two electrodes Reducing the mass of reactants

W. Craig Carter (1,461 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and/or structure change at a critical temperature, pressure, or a chemical potential. It was necessary to construct a new foundation for such transitions

Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids (4,689 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

basic functions that are associated with biomembranes: Controlling chemical potential and gradient for chemical species and charges across opposite sides

Localization-protected quantum order (3,281 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

be characterized by only a few parameters such as temperature or a chemical potential. Traditionally, phase structure is studied by examining the behavior

Potential applications of graphene (15,190 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

tunneling effect between graphene and metal antenna. With tuning the chemical potential of the graphene layer through field effect transistor architecture

Heat transfer physics (8,878 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the ratio of electrons to sites (carrier concentration). Using the chemical potential (μ), the thermal energy (kBT) and the Fermi function, above equation

Matsubara frequency (3,957 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the free energy simply relates to the internal energy below the chemical potential. Also the distribution function is obtained by the following integral

Bond graph (7,240 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Electrochemical power system (flow is chemical activity and effort is chemical potential) Thermochemical power system (flow is mass-rate and effort is mass

Light front quantization (12,723 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Compare to lattice QCD, where applicable, and focus on a finite chemical potential, where reliable lattice QCD results are presently available only at

Light-front quantization applications (9,006 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

asymptotic freedom, and lattice QCD provides information only at very low chemical potential (baryon density). Thus, many frontier questions remain to be answered

Trigonometric Rosen–Morse potential (4,699 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

n4.a1. Hands, S.; Hollowood, T. J.; Myers, J. C. (2010). "QCD with Chemical Potential in a Small Hyperspherical Box". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2010

Wilhelm Ostwald Institute (5,021 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Gibb's equation could be used for the first time to determine the chemical potential of surfactants as a function of their concentration without model