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Mecopterida is a proposed superorder of Holometabola. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely

the adelphotaxa of the Neoptera after exclusion of the Plecoptera. The monophyly of these unities appears to be weakly justified. According to a phylogenetic

tardigrades lie outside this grouping. Anatomic arguments for the tactopoda monophyly include similarities in the anatomies of head, legs, and muscles between

morphological studies, published in 2001 and 2003, strongly support the monophyly of Glires. In particular, the 2003 study reported the discovery of fossil

Enantiornithes. Twenty-seven characters have been used to support enantiornithine monophyly, but Apsaravis brings the number down to only four. The discovery of further

reduces to just three the number of characters that support enantiornithine monophyly. Thus, Pengornis supports the possibility that enantiornithines and Ornithurines

allied with the coccoid genus Bracteacoccus based on molecular data. Monophyly of the DO clade is supported by phylogenetic analysis of multi-gene data

Kompsornis the authors Wang et al. (2020) found moderate support in the monophyly of the group, placing them as basal avialans sister to Pygostylia. No

parasite Plasmodium. However, Cavalier-Smith's hypothesis of chromist monophyly has been rejected by other researchers, who consider it more likely that

The position of the family Typhlocarididae is unclear, although the monophyly of a group containing the remaining seven families is well supported.

The Actinidiaceae are a small family of flowering plants. The family has three genera and about 360 species and is a member of the order Ericales. They

found in Africa. This family was separated from Bagridae. However, the monophyly of the family is sometimes contested. The 12 genera contain 86 known species

Although analyses of genome data provided relatively high support for monophyly of Otidae, indicating that it occupies a basal branch of the clade Passerea

rudimentary in Priapulus and is completely absent in Halicryptus. However, the monophyly of the Scalidophora was not supported by two molecular studies, where

would also contain birds. Although initially this revival of dinosaur monophyly was controversial, the idea did gain acceptance, and since the rise of

Simpson AG, Roger AJ (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""

Mysticeti with true baleen are seen in fossils from the Upper Oligocene. The monophyly of the family is still uncertain, as are the evolutionary relationship

Hypsilophodontidae (or Hypsilophodontia) is a traditionally used family of ornithopod dinosaurs, generally considered invalid today. It historically included

Solenogastres and termed Aplacophora, but some studies have cast doubt on the monophyly of this group. Caudofoveata are worm-like molluscs ranging 0.02–10 cm

phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66

post-Devonian trilobites being in the order proetida, whom are librostomes. The monophyly of the group has been questioned, with Whittington (2003) placing some

However, only a few have been studied in detail, so their relationships and monophyly are not yet certain. In a recent classification, the group Tectofilosida

monophyletic. However, a strictly molecular analysis did not support the monophyly of Dromopoda. Jeffrey W. Shultz (1990). "Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny

the swamp beacon. New taxonomic and molecular data fail to support the monophyly of the Discomycetes. Discomycetes are usually small and cup shaped, and

one of five major euteleost lineages that were recently placed in one monophyly, a group of organisms all descending from one common ancestor. The five

Pabst, Emily A; Kocot, Kevin M (2018-08-01). "Phylogenomics confirms monophyly of Nudipleura (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)". Journal of Molluscan Studies

highlighted). In addition, there appeared some evidence against the Ostracoda monophyly: that Ostracoda subclass Podocopa may form a clade with Branchiura. A

(May 2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and

treatments have divided Brodiaeoideae (or Themidaceae) into 12 genera. The monophyly of several of the genera remains in doubt. As currently circumscribed

hummingbirds) to achieve monophyly. Reddy et al. (2017) included hummingbirds and swifts in Caprimulgiformes, preserving the monophyly of the order. The following

confused past taxonomy, but recent molecular studies have supported the monophyly of the order and the family. The reclassification of Dennstaedtiaceae

difficult to gauge with accuracy. The jaws are the main argument for monophyly, but such anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and environment, and

probably their closest living relatives, and a more radical approach to monophyly would be to merge the Nacophorini, Lithinini and possibly the Campaeini

methods. The monophyly of Conosa and the Archamoebea infraphyla was also supported by cDNA sequencing of 17 Amoebozoans. However, the monophyly of Conosa

fallen out of favor as the monophyly of hacrobia has come under dispute. Corticata Burki F, Pawlowski J (October 2006). "Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene

higher nesting position of brachyopoids and the uncertain position and monophyly of rhytidosteids. Lydekkerinidae was also sometimes historically placed

tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful". Integrative Zoology. 10 (2): 186–198. doi:10

million years ago, during the Middle Jurassic. The study supported the monophyly of the expanded Iguanidae, and put Oplurinae in the basal position. This

Citharichthys sordidus. Phylogenetic analyses have long indicated the non-monophyly of this family e.g., and two lineages have been consistently apparent

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista", Molecular Phylogenetics

Phlogiellus may have secondary lost their lyra but retain their strikers. The monophyly of the subfamily has been only tested using genetic data with a handful

China. Monophyly of the group is supported by genetic evidence and also evidence based on the cell biology of members of the genus. Monophyly of the genus

protonephridium and the rootlets of epidermal locomotory cilia. Currently, the monophyly of Neodermata is undisputed, being supported by both morphological and

confined. While Klug (2010) recovered the group as monophyletic, the monophyly of the group has been doubted by other authors, who suggest that they

family Halictidae. The genus is divided into 15 subgenera, some of dubious monophyly, containing over 200 species, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere (a

its internal taxonomic uncertainty, studies on 18S rRNA supports its monophyly, and the subdivision on Achelinae and Ammotheinae subfamilies. The family

Gryllotalpa. Recent (2015) molecular phylogenetic studies support the monophyly of the cricket clade (Gryllidea in the Orthoptera Species File) and its

vertebrates, tunicates and cephalochordates also provide strong evidence of the monophyly of Chordata. All of the earliest chordate fossils have been found in the

the most recent phylogenetic evidence leans strongly towards bryophyte monophyly, and it has been proposed that hornworts are de-ranked to the original

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 128: 77–121.

L, Leigh JW, et al. (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

PMID 18522922. Kim, E.; Graham, L.E. (July 2008). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. doi:10

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats. Monophyly needs confirmation. Turdidae: thrushes and allies. Monophyly needs confirmation. Buphagidae: oxpeckers

natural group, clearly differentiated from other Caenogastropoda. The monophyly of the group is widely accepted among morphologists, and it is based on

this study, the P. chlororaphis species was determined, based on its monophyly and criterion of Average Nucleotide Identity. This species lies within

ovaries, but usually constitute a separate organ in adult animals. The monophyly of Neoophora is disputed, since some recent molecular studies indicated

Artiodactyla, based on genomic research in molecular systematics. The monophyly of the group is not well supported, and recent studies have indicated

required the resurrection of the genus Crocanthemum in order to maintain monophyly. Crocanthemum aldersonii Crocanthemum arenicola Crocanthemum argenteum

phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66

Struck TH, Hausdorf B (November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa

NR (August 1996). "Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

Alström, P.; Höhna, S.; Gelang, M.; Ericson, P.G.; Olsson, U. (2011). "Non-monophyly and intricate morphological evolution within the avian family Cettiidae

Huttenlocker, A. (2009). "An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)". Zoological Journal

includes the plants formerly treated as the family Chenopodiaceae. The monophyly of this broadly defined Amaranthaceae has been strongly supported by both

Hawaiian Islands. ISBN 1-929054-03-3 Cooper, J.A.; and Chapleau, F. (1998). Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes)

Priapulida, and representing the sister group to the Kinorhyncha. Its monophyly is supported on morphological grounds, although some molecular studies

Abstracts, Cambridge University. Gauthier, J. A. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences

Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2019). "Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.)". New Phytologist. 222

wren-babblers of the families Timaliidae, Pellorneidae, and Pnoepygidae. For the monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see Barker 2004. Specimen SMF Av 504

Nops is a genus of medium-sized South American, Central American, and Caribbean spiders in the family Caponiidae, first described by Alexander Macleay

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

T; Lee, SH; Kang, S; Kim, HK; Min, GS; Eom, KS; Nadler, SA (2011). "Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete

and anomodonts to form a clade, and both the phylogenetic position and monophyly of Biarmosuchia remain controversial. In addition to the six major groups

Jan; Zrzavý, Jan (2022-07-13). "Different phylogenomic methods support monophyly of enigmatic 'Mesozoa' (Dicyemida + Orthonectida, Lophotrochozoa)". Proceedings

1358. PMC 2660946. PMID 19004754. Burki F, Pawlowski J (October 2006). "Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts". Mol. Biol

monophyletic group, in contrast with molecular findings that support its monophyly. All existing evidence for this hypothesis comes from molecular studies

Shun-Chern; Webb, Donald W; Yeates, David K; Cassel, Brian K (2000-09-01). "Monophyly and Relationships of the Tabanomorpha (Diptera: Brachycera) Based on 28S

Ornithodira replaced Pseudosuchia and Ornithosuchia, respectively, as the monophyly of both of these clades were questioned. Sereno and Arcucci incorporated

"A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1671):

"Cerambycoidea" (e.g.,), but in the absence of evidence to support the monophyly of the resulting groups, this proposal has not been widely accepted by

validated by more recent workers. Subsequent phylogenetic work verified the monophyly of the Amphibamidae, with recent analyses also recovering the branchiosaurids

azhdarchoid pterosaur Tupuxuara, with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly". Palaeontology. 49: 925–941. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00575.x. v

Jiang et al., 2019 (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the recovery of the monophyly of Pachypleurosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41. doi:10

Huttenlocker, A. (2009). "An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)". Zoological Journal

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

the Sci. Museum of Minnesota, New Series, r, p. 1-13. Fox (1999), "The monophyly of the Taeniolabidoidea (Mammalia: Multituberculata)", p. 26 in Leanza

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence data indicates reciprocal monophyly of the species and its sister species Gambusia affinis, with levels of

Simpson AG, Roger AJ (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""

; Campbell, B. C.; Gill, R. J.; Steffen-Campbell, J. D. (1995). "Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista", Molecular Phylogenetics

included in the Empididae, but have since been accorded family status. The monophyly of most of these groups have since been confirmed by subsequent studies

rbcL sequences have provided well supported evidence for the group's monophyly. 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences have similarly, though less certainly

PMID 21493820. S2CID 33253407. Gauthier, Jacques (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, Kevin (ed.). The Origin of Birds

Struck, Torsten H. (17 November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics

biogeographical history of the genus Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger, 1835 and the monophyly of the turtle family Geoemydidae (Testudines: Testudinoidea)". Zoological

Huttenlocker, A. (2009). "An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)". Zoological Journal

Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 22 (2): 184–192. doi:10.1006/mpev

L, Leigh JW, et al. (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""

analyses. One locus, i.e., mitochondrial DNA, contradicts the strict monophyly of Coronaves (Morgan-Richards et al. 2008), but phylogeny reconstruction

Thysanoptera). LA Mound, AK Walker, Fauna of New Zealand, 1982 Evidence for monophyly and relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera:

Caryophyllales contains 37 families, 749 genera, and 11,620 species The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome

Tikhonenkov DV, Hehenberger E, Karnkowska A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ (2022). "Monophyly of diverse Bigyromonadea and their impact on phylogenomic relationships

Sorensen J.T.; Campbell B.C.; Gill R.J.; Steffen-Campbell J.D. (1995). "Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista", Molecular Phylogenetics

Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic. The monophyly of this grouping has still not been fully ascertained but it is generally

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista", Molecular Phylogenetics

2005. Monophyly: Monophyly of tribe Loteae: molecular data have shown support for monophyly with the exception for New World Lotus. Monophyly of Old

a monophyletic group (a group descended from a common ancestor). The monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by Galton and Robert

corroborated (such as Caprimulgidae and flamingos). The usefulness and monophyly of "Metaves" is therefore unclear. Notwithstanding, the kagu and sunbittern

of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsan monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 287-308. Long RA, Murry PA. 1995

(2020-10-19). "New fossil from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber confirms monophyly of Liadopsyllidae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1):

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista", Molecular Phylogenetics

resolved most relationships within the order but found weak support for the monophyly of the cyperid clade. The relationship between Centrolepidaceae and Restoniaceae

journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences

of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsan monophyly". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13 (3): 287–308. Bibcode:1993JVPal

202–224. JSTOR 3298514. Pedro Fiaschi & Gregory M. Plunkett (2011). "Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Schefflera (Araliaceae)

Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2019). "Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.)". New Phytologist. 222

Karpov, Sergey A.; Moreira, David (June 2023). "Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies". Systematic

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Sterospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

analyses produced well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses that confirmed the monophyly of Polycladida, as well as that of Acotylea and of Cotylea. Marine flatworm

Stefano; Sfenthourakis, Spyros (6 December 2019). "Genetic evidence against monophyly of Oniscidea implies a need to revise scenarios for the origin of terrestrial

Karpov, Sergey A; Moreira, David (2022-07-28). "Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies". Systematic

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

Retrieved 29 July 2017. Acero P., Arturo; Betancur-R., Ricardo (June 2007). "Monophyly, affinities, and subfamilial clades of sea catfishes (Siluriformes: Ariidae)"

tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful". Integrative Zoology. 10 (2): 186–98. doi:10.1111/1749-4877

past, but are now included within the Heleomyzidae. The composition and monophyly of the family continues to be controversial. McAlpine recently combined

"Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Phaeodarea challenge the monophyly of Haeckel's Radiolaria". Protist. 155 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1078/1434461000164

Buitrera' (Cenomanian of Patagonia, Argentina), with comments on the monophyly of this extinct chelid genus from southern Gondwana". Journal of Systematic

Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136:

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Africa, and the question of the monophyly of Elephantimorpha. Revue Paléobiologie, Genève, 37:593-607. Saarinen

the ancestral marine Branchiopoda rather than a true fairy shrimp. The monophyly of this order is well supported, and the scientific community has reached

'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli". Zoological Journal of the Linnean

Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 74: 207–232. Gauthier, J., 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: K. Padian, ed. The Origin of Birds and the

polydentatus in Aetiocetus has, however, been questioned, as has the monophyly (and therefore the proposed subfamilies) of Aetiocetidae. Aetiocetus Chonecetus

Metorthocheilus Microniodes Molybdophora Monobolodes – includes Cathetus. Monophyly requires confirmation. Monoplema Morphomima Nedusia Neodeta Neodirades

Huttenlocker, A. (2009). "An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)". Zoological Journal

ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista", Molecular Phylogenetics

Udovicic, Frank; Ladiges, Pauline (2006). "ETS sequences support the monophyly of the eucalypt genus Corymbia (Myrtaceae)". Taxon. 55 (3): 653–63. doi:10

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gnats Ceratopogonidae -biting midges Chironomidae -nonbiting midges The monophyly of Culicomorpha and Culicoidea have been confirmed in subsequent morphological

tangasaurids (Kenyasaurus, Hovasaurus, Thadeosaurus, and Tangasaurus), but the monophyly of younginiforms has not been demonstrated in published analyses of diapsid

<20 mm), but size variation is considerable (Sihvonen et al., 2020). The monophyly of Sterrhinae has been postulated based on three morphological synapomorphies:

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"A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1671):

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