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Longer titles found: Electric field NMR (view), Electric field gradient (view), Work (electric field) (view), Alternating electric field therapy (view), Photon-induced electric field poling (view)

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Food preservation (4,941 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quarantine. Pulsed electric field (PEF) electroporation is a method for processing cells by means of brief pulses of a strong electric field. PEF holds potential

the magnetic field or the electric field is dominant. Magnetic field systems are those systems in which the electric field in the initial frame of reference

The Magic School Bus is an American edutainment media franchise that includes a book series, a TV series, a streaming series, and video games. Each of

on the electron beam. The electric field causes the electrons to "bunch": electrons that pass through when the electric field opposes their motion are

auroral phenomena which occur around both of Earth's poles. While its Electric Field Experiment failed around 2002, all other instruments continued to operate

The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. Because an arbitrary smooth potential can usually

the corpuscle, he found that he could reliably deflect the rays by an electric field if he evacuated the discharge tube to a very low pressure. By comparing

to about 400,000 volts with respect to the surface. This sets up an electric field throughout the atmosphere, which decreases with increase in altitude

buildings in Oregon is required to be used towards the purchase of art. Electric Field is a large metal football sculpture that is defined by linear metal

lithium in an electric field, the H−{\displaystyle H^{-}} ion in crossed and parallel electric and magnetic fields, barium in an electric field, and helium

lithium in an electric field, the H−{\displaystyle H^{-}} ion in crossed and parallel electric and magnetic fields, barium in an electric field, and helium

occurs when carriers in the transition region are accelerated by the electric field to energies sufficient to create mobile or free electron-hole pairs

a limiting force via limited electric field strength. A maximum electric field strength produces a finite electric field self-energy, which when attributed

(or length) of an electric field vector is calculated as the square root of its absolute square (the inner product of the electric field with itself); so

solid state telescope (SST), a search-coil magnetometer (SCM) and an electric field instrument (EFI). Each probe has a mass of 126 kg (278 lb), including

created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field. It uses the discrete charges created by each interaction between the

intents and purposes, the Faraday shield generates the same static electric field on the outside that it would generate if the metal were simply charged

piezoelectric effect, meaning that the compound changes shape when an electric field is applied. It is used in a number of practical applications such as

superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to

physical example is given by the Schwinger effect, whereby a strong electric field may spontaneously decay into electron-positron pairs. For not too strong

station can be received with acceptable quality on most receivers The electric field strength at a specific point can be determined from the power delivered

from the electric polarizability of the particles. The oscillating electric field of a light wave acts on the charges within a particle, causing them

Bloomfield, New Jersey, in 1932. They played their home games at General Electric Field. The Browns were the final team to join the East–West League in March

external electrodes or terminal conductors provide the radio frequency electric field. Modern plasma lamps are a family of light sources that generate light

breakdown voltage there is little to no glow and the electric field is uniform. When the electric field increases enough to cause ionization, the Townsend

direction of the electric field and slightly exceeding μ0 in the perpendicular direction. The quantum vacuum exposed to an electric field thereby exhibits

In ultrafast optics, spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) is an ultrashort pulse measurement technique originally

across the stratum corneum by electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin. These phenomena, directly

across the stratum corneum by electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin. These phenomena, directly

covalent bond in this diatomic molecule is highly polar. The effective electric field between the two atoms has been calculated to be about 80 gigavolts per

measuring e is Millikan's oil-drop experiment. A small drop of oil in an electric field would move at a rate that balanced the forces of gravity, viscosity

}{\tau }},} and a linear relationship between current density J and electric field E, J=nq2τmE.{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} ={\frac {nq^{2}\tau }{m}}\,\mathbf

the electric field, and the material is usually a liquid. In a Pockels cell, the change in birefringence varies linearly with the electric field, and

(465 MHz) and 19.2 kbit/s uplink (450 MHz). The satellites carry four Electric Field Probe sensors on telescopic booms, two DC Langmuir probes for detection

is acquired using an average ash layer [further explanation needed] electric field of 4 kV/cm. Since relatively low applied voltage is used and no sulfuric

results in electromagnetic radiation when the geometric symmetry of the electric field in free space is explicitly broken by the associated electrodynamic

as an electrical capacitor. Subjecting membranes to a high-voltage electric field results in their temporary breakdown, resulting in pores that are large

excursions of electric potential, resulting in a relatively strong electric field between the layers and weaker but more extensive compensating fields

tissue equivalents. OV1-9 returned the first proof that Earth has an electric field. The Orbiting Vehicle satellite program arose from a US Air Force initiative

treated foods. Pascalization or high pressure processing (HPP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) are non-thermal processes that are also used to pasteurize foods

in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field. The term "electroluminescent display" describes displays that use neither

cyclotron frequencies) to a larger cyclotron radius by an oscillating electric field orthogonal to the magnetic field. After the excitation field is removed

the electrons in atoms, ions, or molecules, which are bound by the electric field of the nucleus, but can also refer to energy levels of nuclei or vibrational

properties of a sample using a well-characterized electric field or to reveal information about an electric field using a reference sample with a well-characterized

various plasma processes. Rocket borne payloads of Resonance probe, Electric field probe and Lyman Alpha detector with many special features were developed

ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field ferroelasticity – a deformation that is switchable by an applied stress

but, in some materials, this direction can be changed by a nearby electric field. These materials are said to exhibit ferroelectricity. All known pyroelectric

{E} }{c^{2}}},} where v is the velocity of the electron, and E is the electric field it travels through. Here, in the non-relativistic limit, we assume that

of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors). This

fluid, ρe is the electric charge density, ϕ is the applied electric field, ψ is the electric field due to the zeta potential at the walls and p is the fluid

of special relativity, in the frame moving with this velocity, the electric field vanishes. The value of the drift velocity is given by v E = E × B B

attraction forces on the electrons in the atom. It is a special case of electric-field screening. This effect also has some significance in many projects in

determination of the flows and the radial electric field Divertor flows, particle edge fluxes Effect of radial electric field on the bootstrap current Effect of

feed point, which can be represented as an impressed electric field. The general form of electric field integral equation (EFIE) can be written as: n ^ ×

Langmuir probe and Electric Field Experiment (LPEX): It will measure the electron number, density, electron temperature and electric field waves. This experiment

the rods can be changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field. Another application is for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Nanorods

years. In the summer of 2015, McLane Stadium at Kobs Field had a new electric field heating system installed by Sports Fields, Inc., becoming the first

electric field vertical (vertical polarization), and a horizontal feed antenna which transmits microwaves on the same frequency with their electric field

cyclotron, a cyclic particle accelerator that utilizes an oscillating electric field tuned to this resonance to add kinetic energy to charged particles.

When a voltage is applied between the gate and body terminals, the electric field generated penetrates through the oxide and creates an inversion layer

charge separation, until the electric field became zero. Once C is well inside the container, almost all of the electric field lines from C strike the container

means of displacement current between circuit(s) nodes, induced by the electric field. This coupling can have an intentional or accidental effect. In its

vitro cell functionality modulation on engineered bio-materials using electric field simulation approach". With a team of clinicians and entrepreneurs, he

including his development of the spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) technique. In March 2018 it was announced that

that twisted carbon nanotubes could also be actuated by applying an electric field. Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) operate by filling a pneumatic

towards the xenon gas by an electric field. The electrons were pulled in the gas at the surface by a stronger electric field, and produced electroluminescence

Electric field component parallel to the direction of its axis of symmetry. In these conditions, where E is the amplitude of incident electric field,

incident electric wave. At frequencies more than 100 MHz, the transmitted electric field is attenuated by more than 80 decibels (dB), that is less than 10−8

line. The probe pulse strobes the detector that is sensitive to the electric field of the resulting terahertz signal at the time of the optical probe pulse

the remaining holes are swept in different directions by the built-in electric field of the depletion region. The AC PV is operated at the non-equilibrium

are in a decelerating Ez electric field of the slow-wave, lose the potential energy they have in the static electric field E and reach the circuit. The

magnification effect comes from the magnification provided by a highly curved electric field, rather than by the manipulation of radiation paths. The method is destructive

charged particles. The electrons which were released drifted along an electric field shaped by field wires and were collected on sense wires. The geometrical

invented the Zeleny electroscope. He also studied the effect of an electric field on a liquid meniscus. His work is seen by some as a beginning to emergent

induction, an electric field at the surface of the Earth is induced associated with time variations of the magnetic field. The surface electric field causes

to displacement of ions in the lattice due to the application of an electric field. In ionic bonding, the atoms are bound by attraction of oppositely charged

surrounded by conductors and containing a specified charge density ρ, the electric field is uniquely determined if the total charge on each conductor is given

{t}{2\tau _{c}}}}.} Fourier transformation of the electric field in time provides the electric field per unit frequency interval, E ~ q ( ν ) = ∫ − ∞ +

fields provide a fresh-like product with high nutritional value. Pulsed electric field processing is a type of nonthermal method for food preservation. Pulsed

any observation related to liquid dispersion under the effect of the electric field. In 1750 the French clergyman and physicist Jean-Antoine (Abbé) Nollet

will be biased negative relative to its surroundings. This creates an electric field of magnitude F at the emitter surface. Without the field, the surface

referred to as PZT. The atoms in the PZT layer change polarity in an electric field, thereby producing a power-efficient binary switch. However, the most

volume, then the exterior region is simply connected, and thus the electric field is conservative in that region. Therefore, for any loop in the circuit

envelope and whose instantaneous phase has a frequency sweep. The real electric field corresponding to an ultrashort pulse is oscillating at an angular frequency

Alfvén waves develop a significant electric field parallel to the background magnetic field. This electric field can accelerate electrons to keV energies

with the piezoelectric coefficient of poled (placed under a strong electric field to induce a net dipole moment) thin films as large as 6–7 pC/N: 10 times

particles under influence of electric field; electro-osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous body under influence of electric field; diffusiophoresis, as motion

of Joule heating, particle precipitation, and momentum transfer by electric field-generated drifts. The objective was to determine the relative importance

voltage is increased the effect of the electric field becomes more prominent. As this effect of the electric field begins to exert a similar magnitude of

effect, as polarized molecules are affected by a rapidly alternating electric field. The invention of the cavity magnetron made possible the production

so intense, that during its passage through either air or glass the electric field of the light actually alters the index of refraction of the material

frequencies oscillate too rapidly to directly measure and process the electric field electronically. Instead optical photons are (usually) detected by absorbing

creates a stream of electrically charged xenon ions accelerated by an electric field and confined by a magnetic field. The PPS-1350 is built by Snecma, a

electric field at its surface will be. Consider an alpha particle passing along the edge of a gold atom, where it will experience the electric field at

In quantum physics, light is in a squeezed state if its electric field strength Ԑ for some phases ϑ{\displaystyle \vartheta } has a quantum uncertainty

Clausius–Mossotti relation may be applicable to substances if the applied electric field is at a sufficiently high frequencies such that any permanent dipole

the electric field. The ionization is then extracted into the gas phase by the stronger electric field in the gaseous phase. The electric field accelerates

describes a process of permeating bioproducts from a cell membrane using an electric field. Johann Stichlmair developed electroextraction at the University of

by Ikeda, Daido and Akimoto z n {\displaystyle z_{n}} stands for the electric field inside the resonator at the n-th step of rotation in the resonator,

interface between the channel and the electrolyte upon application of an electric field. The charge-transfer process allows both for state retention in the

operations are possible. Kane's proposal for readout was to apply an electric field to encourage spin-dependent tunneling of an electron to transform two

TE01 mode A mode with one half-wave of electric field across the height of the guide and uniform electric field (zero half-waves) across the width of the

across the segment so that it will have a high electric field. Under the influence of this electric field, it will move along the cathode to the anode.

use active electrolocation – they can locate objects by generating an electric field and detecting distortions in the field caused by interference from those

This equation is relatively accurate for electric field strengths lower than about 108 V  m−1. For electric field strengths higher than 108 V m−1, so-called

plane wave, both the electric field and magnetic field are entirely transverse. Transverse electric (TE) modes, only the electric field is entirely transverse

is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric field E and the magnetic field B are observable, while the potentials V ("voltage")

1 kHz will be provided by University of Iowa. An Electric Field Instrument (EFI) a two axis electric field experiment to measure electric fields from 1 Hz

introducing a new element (doping) or by application of a magnetic or electric field (gating). A new type of SGS identified in 2017, known as Dirac-type

motional levels which are strongly coupled to the electric field. They have been proposed to study electric field noise above surfaces, and more recently, rotation

The Coulter principle relies on the fact that particles moving in an electric field cause measurable disturbances in that field. The magnitudes of these

technique was applied using long-wire antenna probes with an effective electric field baseline of 179 m (587 ft). The DC differential voltage was measured

characteristics of a telephone call before deciding how or whether to answer it Electric-field screening, the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of

source is determined by the spectrum of the electromagnetic wave's electric field E ( t ) {\displaystyle E(t)} as it fluctuates at an extremely high frequency

sample is forced through a small cold capillary (10–80 °C) into an electric field to create a fine mist of cold charged droplets. Applications of this

effect, i.e., a change in the absorption spectrum caused by an applied electric field, which changes the bandgap energy (thus the photon energy of an absorption

because those extracellular charge separations essentially create a local electric field. LFP are typically recorded with a high-impedance microelectrode placed

the surfaces of electrodes in electrochemistry. More generally, the electric field effect (directly, through space rather than through chemical bonds)

Stark effect, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field of a charged particle at a distance r {\displaystyle r} , causing a

create a slight charge separation and therefore a radially directed electric field, acting to lift the positive charges, which are typically free protons

recent (2019) study demonstrated a way to move skyrmions, purely using electric field (in the absence of electric current). The authors used Co/Ni multilayers

equation, which arises in (for example) the Klein–Gordon equation, electric field screening in plasmas, and nonlocal granular fluidity in granular flow

voltage is disturbed by a voltage pulse. This voltage pulse reduces the electric field in the space charge region and allows free carriers from the semiconductor

Stark effect, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field of a charged particle at a distance r {\displaystyle r} , causing a

primary eastwards electric field near day-side magnetic equator, where the magnetic field is horizontal and northwards. This electric field gives a primary

optic axis of the corresponding uniaxial) tends to align along the electric field of light. Nematicons are easy to generate (with mW optical power or

relativistic electrons driven through a material (typically air) by an electric field. RREA has been hypothesized to be related to lightning initiation, terrestrial

For carriers to have sufficient kinetic energy a sufficiently large electric field must be applied, in essence requiring a sufficiently large voltage but

keep track of the orientation of the electric field vector as the electromagnetic wave propagates. The electric field vector of a plane wave may be arbitrarily

created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field. The Geiger–Müller tube and the proportional counter both use a phenomenon

current state. As an electric field is applied the dipoles are forced to align and polarisation is created, when the electric field is removed polarisation

magnetic field, respectively; a four probes Electric Field Detector (EFD) to measure the electric field components in a wide frequencies range; a Plasma

Camera Topography Camera Lunar Surface Environment Detection System Electric field probe Low-energy ion probe Low-energy electron probe Intermediate/high

light at different frequencies (this is impossible in linear media). An electric field is propagating in a medium showing optical Kerr effect, so the refractive

physics a non-neutral plasma is a plasma whose net charge creates an electric field large enough to play an important or even dominant role in the plasma

absence of an electric field during production, the ferroelectric crystal does not exhibit a polarization. Upon the application of an electric field of sufficient

The impact of the solar wind onto the magnetosphere generates an electric field within the inner magnetosphere (r < 10 a; with a the Earth's radius) -

during hemodialysis. The formation of echinocytes can also be induced by electric field pulses. Alternating electric current produces modifications in the membranes

from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in electric field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons

signal. The mechanism of multipactor depends on the orientation of an RF electric field with respect to the surface as well as the magnetic field and its orientation

signal. The mechanism of multipactor depends on the orientation of an RF electric field with respect to the surface as well as the magnetic field and its orientation

oxygen ions are created. These ions could damage the wafer due to the electric field build up between the plasma and the wafer surface. Newer, smaller circuitry

strengthen or weaken) depending on temperature, pressure, external electric field, growth method, and other parameters. In particular, at a high enough

Facilities and Support group (FOFS) is responsible for a device called an Electric Field Meter (EFM) that is attached, along with other instruments, to a special

the electric field strongly influence the size and nature of the catch. The conductivity of the water influences the shape and extent of the electric field

frequency of oscillation of the field, and E is the amplitude of the electric field. At low enough amplitudes the magnetic field exerts very little force

may be expressed in terms of the spatial and temporal distribution of electric field strength (volts per metre), irradiance (watts per square metre), or

rely on capacitive current only, and essentially detect the changing electric field around AC energized objects. This means that no direct metallic contact

quantum number greater than 1/2) are found immersed in an external electric field gradient. It splits a state into two, producing a doublet in the Mössbauer

on the "Deflection of a Beam of HCI Molecules in a Non-Homogeneous Electric Field" under the supervision of Edward Condon. In 1932, McMillan was awarded

and mercury at NIST in 1986. An atom interacts with the oscillating electric field: with amplitude | E 0 | {\displaystyle |{\textbf {E}}_{0}|} , angular

excess, particles gain a dipole moment. These dipole moments generate an electric field that in turn generates measurable electric current. This phenomenon

ions and free electrons, known as ion pairs, in the gas. The strong electric field created by the voltage across the tube's electrodes accelerates the

changes the optical path length in the lasing cavity. Applying a static electric field perpendicular to the dipole moment of the local nematic phase rotates

equilibrium between the thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the emitter depletion region is disturbed. This allows thermally

filling half the space in the region z>0 as shown in Figure 1. The electric field at a point in space is the sum of the electric fields due to all the

a piezoelectric material. The alternating magnetic field induces an electric field in the pickup coils of the VSM. The current is proportional to the magnetization

scattering effect which causes a strong scattering of light when the electric field applied to a special liquid crystal mixture exceeds a threshold value

to induce heating and melting of thermoplastic base materials. The electric field is applied by a pair of electrodes after the parts being joined are

The depletion region formed in the diode is very thin (<1 µm) and the electric field is consequently very high (about 500 kV/m) even for a small reverse

dielectric materials, the dielectric polarization P depends on the electric field E. If E changes, P(t) reacts: the polarization relaxes towards a new

The depletion region formed in the diode is very thin (<1 µm) and the electric field is consequently very high (about 500 kV/m) even for a small reverse

t+\alpha _{y}\right)\,{\hat {\mathbf {y} }}\end{aligned}}} for the electric field and cB(r,t)=z^×E(r,t)=(−E0,ycos⁡(kz−ωt+αy)−E0,xcos⁡(kz−ωt+αx)0)=−E0

higher than that of the HPCA. The Fields Suite measures magnetic and electric field characteristics. It consists of six instruments: Analog Fluxgate magnetometer

the ability to electrolocate by analyzing the perturbations in its electric field. However, when the frequency of a neighboring fish's current is very

scattering effect which causes a strong scattering of light when the electric field applied to a special liquid crystal mixture exceeds a threshold value

referred to as PZT. The Zr/Ti atoms in the PZT change polarity in an electric field, thereby producing a binary switch. Due to the PZT crystal maintaining

creates a dipole moment. The sum of all of the dipoles generates an electric field which is called sedimentation potential. It can be measured with an

tends to be excluded from the ferrite. This results in a null of the electric field of the forward signal on the surface of the ferrite where the resistive

oscillates at a characteristic frequency. In response to the external electric field at this frequency, the probability of the electron entering this transition

{\displaystyle V\mapsto V+C} , correspond to the same electric field. This is because the electric field relates to changes in the potential from one point

paper, Quasi-crystals from irradiated photochromic dyes in an applied electric field. In his 1978 paper Krongauz coined the term “Quasi-Crystals” for the

that display artificial muscle behavior under an applied voltage or electric field. IPMCs are composed of an ionic polymer like Nafion or Flemion whose

properties that vary with the direction of light. The direction of the electric field determines the polarization of light, and crystals will respond in different

effect significant, the strength of the electric field in the laser light has to be comparable with the electric field the bonding electron "feels" from the

induction can be stated in two equivalent forms: that the curl of the electric field is equal to the negative rate of change of the magnetic field, ∇ × E

evolution. The homodyne detection method mixes the detected microwave electric field with its own source to produce a signal proportional to the product

slowed and the slow carriers (often the holes) are accelerated by an electric field, called the Dember field. One of the main applications of the photo–Dember

Mars, which generates an electric field, much as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity. This electric field accelerates electrically